( C) Known connectivity of a vocal-nonlearning bird showing absence of forebrain song nuclei. Red arrows show the direct projections found only in vocal learners, from vocal motor cortex regions to brainstem vocal motor neurons. The thick blue arrows show the analogous brain regions predicted by this study across finch and human. Black arrows, connections and regions of the posterior vocal motor pathway white arrows, connections and regions of the anterior vocal pathway dashed arrows, connections between the two pathways. ( B) Drawing of a human brain section showing proposed vocal pathway connectivity including LMC/LSC in the precentral gyrus. ( A) Drawing of a zebra finch male brain section showing profiled song nuclei: Area X, HVC, LMAN, RA, and the 12th motor nucleus (XII). Comparative brain relationships, connectivity, and cell types among vocal learners and nonlearners
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